JavaScript arrays are versatile and offer a wide range of built-in methods to manipulate, iterate, and manage data efficiently. Understanding these methods is crucial for effective programming. Let's delve into some commonly used array methods with practical examples.

Array Methods

• push(): Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana'];
fruits.push('orange');  // returns 3 (new length of array)
console.log(fruits);    // Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

• pop(): Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];
let lastFruit = fruits.pop();  // returns 'orange'
console.log(fruits);           // Output: ['apple', 'banana']
console.log(lastFruit);        // Output: 'orange'

• shift(): Removes the first element from an array and returns that removed element.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];
let firstFruit = fruits.shift();  // returns 'apple'
console.log(fruits);              // Output: ['banana', 'orange']
console.log(firstFruit);          // Output: 'apple'

• unshift(): Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and returns the new length of the array.

let fruits = ['banana', 'orange'];
fruits.unshift('apple');  // returns 3 (new length of array)
console.log(fruits);      // Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

• forEach(): Executes a provided function once for each array element.

let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
numbers.forEach(function(num) {
  console.log(num * 2);  // Output: 2, 4, 6
});

• map(): Creates a new array populated with the results of calling a provided function on every element in the calling array.

let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
let doubled = numbers.map(function(num) {
  return num * 2;
});
console.log(doubled);  // Output: [2, 4, 6]

• filter(): Creates a new array with all elements that pass the test implemented by the provided function.

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let evens = numbers.filter(function(num) {
  return num % 2 === 0;
});
console.log(evens);  // Output: [2, 4]

• find(): Returns the first element in the array that satisfies the provided testing function.

let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
let found = numbers.find(function(num) {
  return num > 25;
});
console.log(found);  // Output: 30

• reduce(): Applies a function against an accumulator and each element in the array (from left to right) to reduce it to a single value.

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let sum = numbers.reduce(function(acc, current) {
  return acc   current;
}, 0);
console.log(sum);  // Output: 15 (1   2   3   4   5)

• indexOf(): Returns the first index at which a given element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'apple'];
let index = fruits.indexOf('apple');  // returns 0
console.log(index);                   // Output: 0

• lastIndexOf(): Returns the last index at which a given element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'apple'];
let lastIndex = fruits.lastIndexOf('apple');  // returns 3
console.log(lastIndex);                      // Output: 3

These array methods are fundamental tools for manipulating data structures in JavaScript efficiently. By mastering these methods, you'll gain a powerful toolkit for handling arrays in various programming scenarios.