When I was a kid, I published a fanzine about comics. This was long before I had a computer—it was created using a typewriter, paper, and scissors!

The fanzine was initially in black and white, photocopied at my school. Over time, as it gained more success, I was able to afford offset printing with color covers!

However, managing those colors was quite challenging. Each cover had to be printed four times, once for each color: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black) — abbreviated as CMYK.

This meant I had to provide four separate sheets, each printed in black ink, but corresponding to a specific color.

Here’s one of the issues I published:

All the yellow you see in the image above was hand-painted by me using black ink on the “yellow” sheet. For the skin tones, I used something called “raster dots.” These were sheets you could buy with black dots of varying densities. You would cut out the dots and apply them — in this case, to the “red” sheet.

I worked on a light table — a glass-topped drawing table with built-in lighting — so I could see through the various sheets while aligning them correctly.

It was very time-consuming, but it sparked a lifelong interest in understanding colors — and the huge difference between print- and screen colors!

While CMYK is limited to four colors, it’s still relatively easy to grasp. We’ve all used colored pencils on paper and have an intuitive sense of how colors mix. CMYK is a subtractive color model. You start with a white sheet of paper, and as you add more ink, you’re actually subtracting light. Combining all colors moves you toward black. If you don’t apply any ink, the paper stays white because it reflects all light.

When I got my first computer, I had to understand RGB, which is very different from CMYK. RGB is an additive color model used for digital screens. Here, you’re mixing light itself — adding more light makes the colors brighter and moves you toward white. Turn off all the RGB lights (R=0, G=0, B=0), and the screen goes black because there’s no light emitted.

As a graphic designer back then, you had to calibrate your screen because the colors you saw on the screen and those you saw in print were often very different!

Visualizing RGB

RGB represents three light sources: red, green, and blue. When a light is off, its value is 0; when it’s fully on, its value is 255. When these lights overlap, they create different colors.

To better understand how RGB works, let’s build a small tool:

HTML

Styles

First, let’s create a 9x8 grid:

.rgb {
  all: unset;
  aspect-ratio: 9 / 8;
  container-type: inline-size;
  display: grid;
  font-size: 1.75cqi;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(9, 1fr);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(8, 1fr);
  width: 100%;
}

It’s an unusual size, but that's because our R, G and B circles are 5x5 and overlap:

.r, .g, .b {
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: grid;
  font-size: 5cqi;
  mix-blend-mode: difference;
}

The CSS for .r, .g and .b is:

.r {
  background-color: rgb(var(--r), 0, 0);
  grid-area: 1 / 3 / 6 / 8;
}

.g {
  background-color: rgb(0, var(--g), 0);
  grid-area: 4 / 1 / 9 / 6;
}

.b {
  background-color: rgb(0, 0, var(--b));
  grid-area: 4 / 5 / 9 / 10;
}

I’ve used grid-area a lot lately. It lets you place a grid item at a very specific location:

row-start / col-start / row-end / col-end

It’s easier to visualize this if you enable Dev Tools’ grid visualizer:

Did you notice the three CSS Custom Properties, --r, --g and --b? We’ll update these in a small JS snippet:

const rgb = document.querySelector('.rgb');
rgb.addEventListener('input', e => {
  const N = e.target;
  document.body.style.setProperty(`--${N.name}`, N.value);
})

And that’s basically it. I’ve added some

-elements and minor adjustments … but I almost forgot to mention the single most important line to make the visualizer work:

mix-blend-mode: difference

Read about it here — it’s great fun to loop through all the modes.

Demo

Here’s a Codepen. Click and edit the numbers below R, G and B, and notice how the page background and the overlapping parts of all three circles change.