How PriorityQueue's toString Method Misleads Element Order Interpretation

In Java, the PriorityQueue data structure maintains a binary heap to prioritize elements based on their assigned comparison strategy. This strategy is typically implemented through a custom Comparator, as seen in the provided code snippet. However, there is a common misconception regarding the element order when examining the output of a PriorityQueue's toString method.

The toString method is designed to provide a textual representation of the PriorityQueue's contents. However, it does not implicitly enforce the priority ordering defined by the Comparator. Instead, it simply displays the elements in their current positions within the heap, which may not align with the expected sorted order.

In the given example, the PriorityQueue is initialized with a custom Comparator to prioritize frequency values. You intended the output to reflect this ordering, with elements having lower frequencies listed first. However, the toString method's output shows an incorrect order, apparently contradicting the intended priority.

The cause of this discrepancy stems from the internal structure of a binary heap. While it maintains a partial ordering, the elements are not fully sorted until they are removed from the heap. The toString method retrieves the elements directly from the heap without performing this sorting, leading to the observed output.

To address this issue and obtain the correct sorted order, it is necessary to extract the elements from the PriorityQueue one by one. The poll() method does this, removing an element from the heap and returning it. By iterating through the PriorityQueue using poll() and printing the returned elements, you can obtain the sorted order as intended.

Therefore, the correct code to print the elements in sorted order would be:

while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
   System.out.println(queue.poll());
}

This will print the elements in ascending order of their frequencies, as defined by the Comparator.