Can a Boolean Always Become Zero or One When Converted to an Integer?

When converting a boolean value to an integer, many compilers seemingly retain only 0 or 1, raising questions about the reliability of this behavior. Let's examine an example:

int a = 2;
bool b = a;
int c = 3   b; // What is the result? 4 or 5?

Answer: Yes, bool is guaranteed to be 0 or 1 when converted to an integer.

In C :

The C standard (§4.5/4) explicitly states: "An rvalue of type bool can be converted to an rvalue of type int, with false becoming zero and true becoming one."

In C:

When a value is converted to _Bool, it becomes 0 or 1 (§6.3.1.2/1): "When any scalar value is converted to _Bool, the result is 0 if the value compares equal to 0; otherwise, the result is 1."

When converting to int, the process is straightforward because int can hold 0 and 1, so there's no change in value (§6.3.1.3).