Creating Byte Strings with "bytes(n)"

The "bytes(n)" function in Python 3 doesn't convert an integer to its binary representation but instead creates a byte string of length n, filled with null bytes (b'\x00'). This behavior stems from Python 3.2, where the "to_bytes()" method was introduced as a means to encode integers into bytes.

To_Bytes and To_Bytes

The "to_bytes()" method allows explicit conversion of an integer to a byte representation, specifying the byte order (big-endian or little-endian) and the length. For example:

(1024).to_bytes(2, byteorder='big') == b'\x04\x00'

From_Bytes and From_Bytes

The complementary "from_bytes()" method can convert a byte sequence back into an integer:

int.from_bytes(b'\x04\x00', 'big') == 1024

Unsigned Integers

The "to_bytes()" method works for non-negative (unsigned) integers. To handle signed integers, a slightly different approach is necessary:

def int_to_bytes(number: int) -> bytes:
    return number.to_bytes(length=(8   (number   (number < 0)).bit_length()) // 8, byteorder='big', signed=True)

def int_from_bytes(binary_data: bytes) -> Optional[int]:
    return int.from_bytes(binary_data, byteorder='big', signed=True)

Using these functions, you can encode and decode signed integers to and from byte sequences.