How to Fix the \"certificate verify failed\" Error in Python?
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Fixing the "certificate verify failed" Error
When attempting to access HTTPS websites using Python, users may encounter the error "certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate." This issue arises due to the inability to verify the SSL certificate of the website.
To resolve this, users have two options:
Option 1: Install System Certificates
Running the "Install Certificates.command" command, located within the Python installation directory, installs the system's SSL certificates into the Python environment. This allows Python to access the HTTPS website by trusting the certificates provided by the system.
Option 2: Install "certifi" Package
Alternatively, users can install the "certifi" package using the following command:
pip install --upgrade certifi
This package contains a collection of SSL certificates trusted by most operating systems. By installing "certifi," Python can verify SSL certificates without relying on the system-installed certificates.
Understanding SSL and Certificates
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a protocol that provides secure communication between a web browser and a website. It uses encryption to protect data during transmission over the internet.
SSL certificates are used to verify the identity of websites. They are issued by trusted certificate authorities (CAs) and contain details such as the website's domain name, organization name, and expiration date. Browsers and operating systems maintain a list of trusted CAs.
When a browser accesses a website using HTTPS, it checks the website's SSL certificate to ensure that it is valid and comes from a trusted source. If the certificate cannot be verified, the browser will display an error message and prevent access to the website.
By installing SSL certificates or using the "certifi" package, users can resolve the "certificate verify failed" error and establish a secure connection to HTTPS websites.
Resources for Learning about Security and Certificates
- [Mozilla Developer Network: SSL Certificates](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Certificate)
- [Let's Encrypt: Certificate Transparency](https://letsencrypt.org/certificates/)
- [Coursera: Cybersecurity Fundamentals](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/cybersecurity-fundamentals)
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